Chú thích, tham khảo, nguồn Ramesses VI

Chú thích

  1. ↑ The "C" in this name is not part of Ramesses VI's original Egyptian name, rather it is a denomination added in modern Egyptology to distinguish him from other people of the same name: Amenherkhepshef A, a son of Ramesses II, Amenherkhepshef B, a son of Ramesses III, and Amenherkhepshef D a son of Ramesses VI.
  2. ↑ That the relief was left unfinished with no text during Ramesses III's reign is indicated by the fact that the text refers to various princes as pharaoh and coincides with modification of the princes' figures to add royal attributes. In addition, all of the princesses are still lacking their names, which were never added.[9]
  3. ↑ Ramesses VI was the second prince to bear the name Amunherkhepeshef. Consequently, he is sometimes referred to as Amunherkhepeshef II in modern Egyptology.[4]
  4. ↑ The publication which led to the modern consensus on Ramesses VI's filiation is due to the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, who offered a point by point rebuttal of the arguments hitherto advanced by Kurt Sethe and others to posit that Ramesses VI was a grandson of Ramesses III rather than his son. First, Kitchen rejects the initial interpretation of the titles borne by princes on the relief, in particular Sethe's reading of the title of "king's first born son" is provably wrong as several princes bore the title, which should be understood as "king's eldest surviving son". It follows that Sethe's rejection of princes Praherwonmefs as sons of Ramesses III is invalid and that the relief can present sons of this king.[14] Second Sethe rejected the filiation of Ramesses VI on the basis that it would be unlikely if not impossible that several sons of Ramesses III bore the same name, Amunherkhepeshef and therefore that the two mentions of this name on the relief refer to the same Ramesses VI, which would be suspect for a list of princes. Kitchen points out well-known examples, including princes Meryre I and II on a relief presenting sons of Ramesses II, showing that instead it was common for several sons of kings to bear the same name and thus that the two Amunherkhepeshef are distinct persons.[14] Third, Sethe thought it improbable that three sons of a ruler could have ascended the throne. Kitchen points out the short reigns of the rulers of the 20th Dynasty after Ramesses III, so that the proposed sons ruled within 20 years of their father's death, far from impossible.[15] Fourth, Kitchen points out the wrong argument that the cartouche next to Ramesses IV's figure simply reads Ramesses, which this ruler would have deemed insufficient to distinguish himself and thus that the figure is not Ramesses IV but someone else. As noted by Kitchen, the titles given to this figure are sufficient to identify Ramesses IV beyond doubt.[15] Fifth, Sethe and others believe that Ramesses VI implemented a damnatio memoriae against Ramesses IV and V, which they explain through complicated dynastic struggles. But this damnatio memoriae is, in the terms of Kitchen "wholly imaginary" and indeed archaeological evidence has since established that Ramesses VI only erased the cartouches of his predecessor to gain visibility for his, and not in any systematic manner.[15] Lastly, Sethe and Peet pointed out that in her tomb, Ramesses VI's mother is not given the title of king's wife and thus deduce that Ramesses VI was the son of a non-royal father. But Kitchen points out that this absence is no evidence, for example, Ramesses II's mother herself is never given the title of king's wife in her tomb, yet it is well established that she was Sethi I's queen.[16]
  5. ↑ The filiation of Panebenkemyt is established by a depiction of him on a statue of his father, now in the Luxor Museum.[18]
  6. ↑ If the hypothesis regarding Ramesses IX's filiation is correct, then Kitchen adds that queen Tyti might have been a daughter of Ramesses VI, the wife of Ramesses IX and mother of Ramesses X.[24] New evidence emerging from the publication of tomb-robbers accounts in 2010 established that Tyti was in fact the wife and sister of Ramesses III and possibly the mother of Ramesses IV.[25]
  7. ↑ Known today as Ostracon IFAO 1425.[39]
  8. ↑ That the king in question is Ramesses VI is established by the dates recorded on the ostracon. It is mentioned that the first loan occurred on Year 7, I Peret 18 (that is on the 18th day of the first month of the season of Peret in the king's 7th year of reign) while the second took place on Year 8, II Peret 11. Furthermore the short duration of the loans which amounted to 15 days strongly suggest that these dates occurred in immediate succession and thus that they belong to the same reign. This indicates that the king referred to had ascended the throne between the 18th day of the first month of Peret and the 11th day of the second month of the same season. But the only king of the 19th and 20th Dynasties who ascended the throne in such a time-frame is Ramesses VI.[38][39]
  9. ↑ While the exact date of Ramesses VI's coronation is unknown, ancient sources indicate that he must have started his reign in winter, between the 28th day of the first month of the Season of the Emergence and the 11th day the second month of the same season.[46][47] Janssen has more specifically argued for an accession of the eighth day of the second month of this season.[48]
  10. ↑ The location of Per-Nebyt is not known for certain. It may have been in north-Thebes.[3]
  11. ↑ Černý's argument is that the term employed in the source to refer to the enemy is not the term that would be employed for foreign marauders such as Libyans. As a consequence, he sees the trouble-makers as Egyptians. Since furthermore the chief of the Medjay of Thebes seems not to have been involved in fighting the enemy, Černý believes that the troubles came from the North. Černý further conjectures that the civil war was a struggle between followers of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI, whom he sees as antagonists.[50] Against this hypothesis is the observation that several high-officials continued their careers without disturbances from the time of Ramesses III until that of Ramesses VI and beyond, suggesting that the state was in fact politically stable.[3]
  12. ↑ This is indicated by a text on the verso of Ostracon Berlin P. 12654, which reads "So says the vizier: leave these sixty men here in the gang, whomsoever you choose, and send the rest away. Order that they should become conscript labour who carry [supplies] for you."[50]
  13. ↑ Tombs dating to the Twentieth Dynasty but which cannot be securely attributed to any specific reign are QV 24, 41, 45, 50, 54, 84, 85, 86. This list may include those built by Ramesses VI.[58]
  14. ↑ Small artefacts bearing Ramesses VI's cartouches are also known, including bronze and gold signet rings now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Arts.[69]
  15. ↑ The statue was found in the Karnak cache and is now in the Egyptian Museum, under the catalogue number 42153.[74]
  16. ↑ Also called Mentemtowy in the modern literature.[78]
  17. ↑ The finds of the statue and scarab in Megiddo and Alalakh do not necessarily denote any strong Egyptian presence there as these kinds of artefacts were widely traded throughout the Mediterranean at the time.[78]
  18. ↑ The other renditions are found in the tomb of Seti I and in the Osireion.[104]
  19. ↑ That is most of the decorations of the temple that have survived to this day have been made under Ramesses VI as shown by the presence of his cartouches on these decorations.[111]

Tham khảo

  1. 1 2 Clayton 1994, tr. 167.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Leprohon 2013, tr. 199.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Amer 1985, tr. 67.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grimal 1992, tr. 288.
  5. ↑ Grandet 2014, tr. 1.
  6. ↑ Seele 1960, tr. 184.
  7. 1 2 Kitchen 1982, tr. 120.
  8. ↑ Seele 1960, tr. 186–187, Plate I & 2.
  9. 1 2 3 Murnane 1971, tr. 121.
  10. ↑ Murnane 1971, tr. 125.
  11. ↑ Murnane 1971, tr. 122.
  12. ↑ Murnane 1971, tr. 131.
  13. ↑ Seele 1960, tr. 204.
  14. 1 2 Kitchen 1982, tr. 121.
  15. 1 2 3 Kitchen 1982, tr. 122.
  16. 1 2 Kitchen 1982, tr. 123.
  17. ↑ Demas & Neville 2016b, tr. 307.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 193.
  19. ↑ Bács 1995, tr. 7–11.
  20. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 190.
  21. ↑ Kitchen 1972, tr. 182.
  22. ↑ Harris & Wente 1980, tr. 153.
  23. ↑ von Beckerath 1971, tr. 7.
  24. 1 2 Kitchen 1982, tr. 125.
  25. ↑ Collier, Dodson & Hamernik 2010, tr. 242–247.
  26. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 191.
  27. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 194.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vinson 2001, tr. 120–121.
  29. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica 2018.
  30. ↑ von Beckerath 1999, tr. 190.
  31. ↑ Hornung 2012, tr. 475.
  32. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 204–205 & 393.
  33. ↑ Demas & Neville 2016a, tr. 119.
  34. ↑ Shaw 2000, tr. 485.
  35. 1 2 3 4 van Dijk 2000, tr. 300.
  36. 1 2 Rice 1999, tr. 167.
  37. ↑ Burke et al. 2017, tr. 87.
  38. 1 2 Wente & Van Siclen 1977, tr. 243–245.
  39. 1 2 3 Janssen 1978, tr. 45–46.
  40. 1 2 Bell 1980, tr. 16.
  41. ↑ Bierbrier 1972, tr. 195–199.
  42. ↑ Peden 2001a, tr. 201.
  43. ↑ Ventura 1983, tr. 271.
  44. ↑ Ventura 1983, tr. 276.
  45. 1 2 Clayton 1994, tr. 168.
  46. ↑ Hornung 2012, tr. 215.
  47. ↑ von Beckerath 1984, tr. 7.
  48. ↑ Janssen 1997, tr. 131–138.
  49. 1 2 Amer 1985, tr. 66.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Černý 1975, tr. 613.
  51. 1 2 Kitchen 1972, tr. 193.
  52. ↑ Legrain 1909, tr. 17–19 & 75, pl. XV.
  53. ↑ Peden 2001b, tr. 83–88.
  54. 1 2 Yurco 1999, tr. 294.
  55. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 278.
  56. 1 2 Leblanc 1999, tr. 1021.
  57. ↑ Demas & Neville 2016b, tr. 312.
  58. 1 2 Demas & Neville 2016b, tr. 143.
  59. ↑ Peden 2001a, tr. 223.
  60. ↑ Brescinani và đồng nghiệp 1993, tr. 85.
  61. 1 2 Amer 1985, tr. 68.
  62. 1 2 3 Hovestreydt 1997, tr. 108.
  63. ↑ Hovestreydt 1997, tr. 114.
  64. ↑ Hovestreydt 1997, tr. 121.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Amer 1985, tr. 69.
  66. ↑ Lobban 2004, tr. 34.
  67. ↑ Bianchi 2004, tr. 143.
  68. 1 2 Brugsch 1859, tr. 203.
  69. 1 2 3 Hayes 1978, tr. 375.
  70. ↑ Saleh 1981, tr. 43–57.
  71. ↑ Janssen 1975, tr. 551–552.
  72. ↑ Brand 2010, see figs. 6 & 7 p. 3, fig. 8 p. 4, text p. 6.
  73. ↑ Peden 1989, tr. 41–46.
  74. 1 2 Kitchen 1972, tr. 190.
  75. 1 2 3 Kitchen 1972, tr. 192.
  76. ↑ Brugsch 1859, tr. 202.
  77. 1 2 Amer 1985, tr. 70.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Černý 1975, tr. 614.
  79. 1 2 3 Peden 2001a, tr. 132.
  80. ↑ Rice 1999, tr. 149.
  81. ↑ Černý 1975, tr. 627.
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 Polz 1998, tr. 292.
  83. ↑ Černý 1975, tr. 628.
  84. ↑ Polz 1998, tr. 291.
  85. ↑ Polz 1998, tr. 293.
  86. ↑ Mumford 1999, tr. 885.
  87. ↑ Kitchen 1983, tr. 279.
  88. ↑ Kitchen 1983, tr. 278.
  89. 1 2 Hayes 1978, tr. 371.
  90. ↑ Breasted 1948.
  91. ↑ Ussishkin 1995.
  92. ↑ Mazar 1990, tr. 296–297.
  93. 1 2 Peden 2001a, tr. 130.
  94. ↑ Burke et al. 2017, tr. 85 & 128–129.
  95. ↑ Burke et al. 2017, tr. 85.
  96. ↑ Cohen 2016, tr. 7.
  97. 1 2 Grandet 2014, tr. 10.
  98. 1 2 Černý 1975, tr. 632.
  99. ↑ de Morgan 1893, p. 93 numb 132.
  100. ↑ Černý 1975, tr. 612.
  101. ↑ Černý 1975, tr. 611.
  102. ↑ Dodson 1999, tr. 1048.
  103. 1 2 Weeks 1999, tr. 1016.
  104. 1 2 3 Brock 1999, tr. 384.
  105. ↑ Peden 2001a, tr. 205.
  106. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 290.
  107. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 291.
  108. ↑ Loret 1899.
  109. ↑ Nasrawi 2004.
  110. ↑ Murnane 1999, tr. 997.
  111. 1 2 Hayes 1978, tr. 372.

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